Guiding Principles for Delivering Coastal Wetland Carbon Projects

  • Resources & Publications
  • 2014
  • [my-books-attachments]

Description:

‘Tambak’ is the common Indonesian name for a brackish water fi sh pond, classically supporting a polyculture of milkfi sh (Chanos chanos) and brackish water shrimp. There is historical evidence of 400 year old tambak in South Sulawesi, naturally constructed in the lower meanders of river estuaries. Not until 1964, in response to increasing demand from Japan for shrimp (a result of post-World War II affl uence) did large-scale expansion and intensifi cation of culture occur in tambak. In 1984/85, the Indonesian central government developed policies to ramp up expansion and intensifi cation, through the INTAM program, which targeted twelve provinces in Indonesia. Much of the increase in tambak coverage took place in mangrove forests, as both mangroves and tambak require tidal fl ooding and adequate drainage.

Tambak can be a massive feature in the coastal landscape, understood by anyone fl ying into a major deltaic city in Indonesia such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Lampung or Makassar. The 16,000+ hectare tambak complex owned by PT CP Prima Genjot (a subsidiary of the Thai conglomerate Charoen Pokphand) in Lampung is the largest contiguous aquaculture complex in the world, having displaced a mangrove system itself worth an estimated USD 436 – 574 million when one considers the value of mangrove goods and services (Sathirathai and Barbier, 2001).

As mangroves were replaced by tambak, a new set of social, economic and environmental problems arose. Services once provided by mangroves, such as fl ood control, salt water buffering, and natural primary productivity were lost. Mangrove detritus (leaf-fall, dead roots and twigs) provides a food source for numerous plankton, animals and bacteria, which drives the near-shore or coastal food chain. Especially notable was the reduction in benefi cial animal plankton, including copepods, which are an important food for shrimp and juvenile fish.

Scroll to Top
awan128 jangkar128 cahaya128 cahaya128 rawit128 rawit128 rawit128 rawit128 orca128 turbo128 jangkar128 jangkar128 monas128 planet128 planet128 slot thailand https://nammakpsc.com/wp-content/plugins/pkv-games/ slot slot thailand sesetoto situs toto planet128 planet128 Situs Toto kembang128 kembang128 kembang128 cahaya128 cahaya128 cahaya128 cahaya128 mesin128 mesin128 cahaya128 mesin128 situs toto monas128 monas128 slot gacor Situs Toto Toto Togel situs toto cahaya128 cahaya128 mesin128 mesin128 Rawit128 Rawit128 turbo128 situs toto amavi5d slot thailand Scatter Hitam orca128 Situs Toto Toto Togel situs toto planet128 turbo128 turbo128 turbo128 rawit128 orca128 orca128 situs toto situs toto situs toto situs toto situs toto SLOT 2025 sulebet slot 2024 planet128 raja787 cahaya128 cahaya128 rawit128 rawit128 planet128 planet128 planet128 planet128 planet128 cahaya128 cahaya128 cahaya128 slot bet 200 slot gacor planet128 slot thailand Lumi777 planet128 planet128 cahaya128 cahaya128 situs toto dbltoto slot777 planet128 rawit128 orca128 orca128 orca128 rawit128 planet128 cahaya128 mesin128 cahaya128 kembang128 mesin128 mesin128 orca128 planet128 planet128 SLOT PRAGMATIC https://www.miep.edu.ru/ rawit128 rawit128 planet128 planet128 planet128 kembang128 kembang128 cahaya128 slot dana guetoto planet128 cahaya128 cahaya128 cahaya128 cahaya128 planet128 planet128 planet128 planet128 planet128 scatter hitam mahjong ways raja787 https://pafipemdajakarta.org/ planet128 planet128 slot gacor scatter hitam https://www.wbac.com/ rawit128 rawit128 kemonbet https://pafidesabumiwaras.org Slot Online rp8888
pria indonesia ini menjadi duta mahjong ways teknologi elon musk terbaru memberikan kemudahan untuk jaackpot di slot mahjong teknik rahasia memunculkan connect scatter hitam di slot mahjong wins pragmatic rahasia maxwin menggunakan iphone 16 terbaru dari apple airpods pro 3 mengeluarkan fitur baru untuk mendengar suara jackpot di mahjong lebih jernih hp samsung a5 memberikan fitur terbaru untuk memudahkan maxwin di slot zeus indonesia di nobatkan sebagai tempat jackpot nya para penikmat slot mahjong terbanyak tutorial cara mudah jackpot menggunakan apple vision pro terbaru pola kehidupan sehat dengan memainkan slot mahjong scatter hitam di pragmatic yang baru rilis alvarez berhasil membawa piala kemenangan atas jackpot nya di slot mahjong
jangkar128 https://www.kp.ac.rw/ slot gacor planet128 https://mesajil.com/ rp8888 rp8888 apk slot game penghasil uang rawit128 rawit128 planet128 planet128 rawit128 togelonlinehariini.com Barbershop terbaik di poipet https://www.safersurfing.org/ rawit128 rawit128 kelas99 Salon terbaik di poipet Barbershop terbaik di kamboja Salon kecantikan di poipet Salon di poipet planet128 raja787 dewa787 138resmi 138 resmi rawit128 https://californiapopulation.org/ situs togel rawit128 rawit128 planet128 rawit128 kkslot777 https://www2.kuet.ac.bd/EEEday2023/wp-content/scatter-hitam/ Rp8888 Rp8888 Login Cheat Scatter Hitam Scatter Hitam planet128 https://pafibangkatimur.org/ scatter hitam planet128 planet128 planet128 situs toto rupiahtoto rawit128 rawit128 rawit128 https://gurudaringmilenial.id/ gurudaringmilenial.id dewa787 slot slot gacor toto slot slot gacor hari ini https://pafibogorsel.org/ planet128 planet128 planet128 rawit128 rawit128 rawit128 rawit128 rawit128 slot dana slot dana planet128 planet128 planet128 rawit128 https://www.souvenirnapoleonien.org/ slot planet128 planet128 rawit128 rajasloto slot login link alternatif wanitabet slot login https://www.bloempot.fr/ 138resmi 138 resmi https://raja787.store/ orca128 orca128 orca128 orca128 slot https://exultate.org/ planet128 planet128 planet128 rawit128 rawit128 markas22 slot gacor hari ini link situs slot gacor slot bonus new member jurnal jurnal ilmiah jabal rahmah mulia orca128 orca128 slot thailand link slot gacor kembang128 kembang128 kilat128 kilat128 orca128 slot gacor orca128 orca128 128 slot thailand kemonbet https://tpid.tabalongkab.go.id/ kacangbet sulebet Ladangtoto indosloter bestoto88 indoslot https://104.131.88.47/ https://134.209.222.92/ orca128 raja787 guetoto https://events.preprod.afcen.com/public/img/ togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel togel http://103.79.90.180/assets/spulsaz/ guetoto https://www.hondacokroaminoto.co.id/guetoto/ slotasiabet https://pafidesahansisi.org/ https://wis77hoki.com/ https://medlinkus.com/ https://griefresourcescatalog.com/ https://environmentvoters.org/ https://victorychristiancenterofhollywood.org/ rawit128 rawit128 planet128 planet128 planet128 cahaya128 cahaya128 cahaya128 orca128 orca128 jambislot https://dedy.man1jember.sch.id/file/Sulebet/ slot gacor slot online https://pafikupangbarat.org https://pafikupangtimur.org https://pafipemdakupang.org https://pafidesahansisi.org https://pafidesahuilelot.org https://pafidesaletbaun.org https://pafidesaotan.org https://pafidesauiasa.org https://pafidesauitao.org guetoto bosjp https://indofresh.co.id/ https://139.59.245.96/ https://rsudwzjohanes.nttprov.go.id/web/wp-includes/prov/ slot88 monas128 jupiter128 bosjp jupiter128 monas128 monas128 dewahoki303 jkt88 slot88 slot88 resmi https://siarsip.ypmkembang.sch.id/assets/img/icons/ planet128 planet128 raja787 planet128 planet128 planet128 situs slot login kacangbet kacangbet login kacang bet kilat128 https://128.199.70.188/ https://consultingmag-digital.com/ sulebet rawit128 rawit128 orca128 orca128 turbo128 turbo128 jangkar128 jangkar128 Slot777 agrencogroup.com orca128 rawit128 guetoto guetoto raja787 raja787 https://167.172.74.170/ https://104.236.1.247/ https://138.197.92.5/ https://138.197.24.207/ https://peboking.com/ kacangbet kacangbet login https://167.172.74.170/ https://67.207.80.30/ https://tolkienguild.org/ https://103.245.38.155/ https://103.16.117.200/ https://103.245.39.105/ slot gacor turbo128 https://muzita.com/ http://103.27.206.15/ http://103.245.39.125/ http://103.245.39.116/ http://103.245.39.87/ http://103.245.39.90/ jangkar128 planet128 rawit128 rawit128 http://103.160.63.231/ https://103.149.177.72/ rawit128 planet128 slot online slot gacor thailand rawit128 planet128 rawit128 rawit128 rawit128 rawit128 sulebet link sulebet slot gacor slot gacor hari ini rawit128 turbo128 situs slot https://smkmaskumambang1.sch.id/sule/ Wis77 Wis77 Agen Slot Qris Tko77 Tko77 Slot Gacor Online Wis77 Vip https://128.199.148.93 https://174.138.22.218 https://103.160.63.131 https://103.178.153.194 https://103.178.153.195 situs slot slot8000 login slot8000 kilat128 kembang128 slotasiabet rawit128 rawit128 situs toto kacangbet login kacangbet toto 5d https://pkm-talangbabungo.solokkab.go.id/template/thai/ https://pkm-talangbabungo.solokkab.go.id/template/gacor/ https://pkm-muarapanas.solokkab.go.id/sgacor/ https://pkm-muarapanas.solokkab.go.id/asset/naganakal/ slot gacor slot mahjong demo slot gacor kacangbet raja787 kacangbet kacangbet login mega888 Slot Deposit Pulsa Tanpa Potongan Thailand Gacor IDN Slot Pulsa Gacor mahkota555 login Slot Gacor Hari Ini https://pafipapuabaratprov.org/shop/sulebet-rtp/ https://infonet.sinjai.info/publikasi/index.php?terbit= kacangbet kacangbet login Pola Slot gacor slot88 slot terbaik agen slot gacor slot toto casino online platinum789 warga789 asdtoto slot thailand kembang128 masalili.id turbo128 totoslot situs slot toto slot slot depo qris turbo128 turbo128 planet128 turbo128 TG777 FB777 TAYA777 JK8 Judiking88 https://www.centralvarestoration.com/ https://guetoto-guetoto2.com/ https://bosjpto.com/ bos27 oke27 agen303 situsslot777 daddytoto daddytoto daddytoto daddytoto daddytoto daddytoto daddytoto daddytoto daddytoto daddytoto daddytoto slot gacor https://jatengnews.blob.core.windows.net/fungsi-auto-spin-permainan-slot.html https://pemprofjateng1.blob.core.windows.net/provider-slot-terbaik-2024.html https://temponews.blob.core.windows.net/game-slot-dengan-volatilitas-tinggi.html https://akuramarecords.blob.core.windows.net/penjelasan-scatter-hitam-pragmatic.html https://comalkab.blob.core.windows.net/algoritma-pragmatic-play.html https://randudongkal.blob.core.windows.net/scatter-hittam-pragmatic-play.html https://kilasinfo1.blob.core.windows.net/rtp-slot-terupdate.html https://resmobpati.blob.core.windows.net/12-permainan-pragmatic-gacor.html https://pemkabpemalang.blob.core.windows.net/platform-game-terbaik.html macaubet